保险真的可以避债吗?

在我接触来自中国国内客户的时候,曾经有好几次被问到,新加坡保险能否规避债务风险的问题。在朋友圈或是网上,也经常能看到很多同行朋友将“保险能避债”当作一个突出的卖点。

就在前不久,我的朋友圈还被一篇文章刷屏,文章标题是《张兰家族信托被”击穿“后续,2亿+的香港保险保住了!》。文章引用的是国内知名企业家张兰的海外信托在新加坡法院的判决下被击穿的案例,文章的作者声称在如此情况下,使用信托资产购买的大额香港保单仍然得到保全,因此鼓吹保险可以替代信托,同样达到资产保护的目的,甚至在很多方面比信托更好。

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

为此我特地找到并且认真读了一下新加坡法院的判决书原文,里面其实只字未提法院是否认可这些保单免于债务追偿,只是否定了原告对于购买保单目的的质疑。

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

鉴于这个案件的复杂性,现在就说“保单得到保全了”恐怕还为时尚早。

把这个案例先放一边。为了这个题目,我特意搜索了中国大陆、香港和新加坡相关的法规,我们来看看不同地区的法律条文究竟是怎么说的。

 

01 中国大陆

先说中国大陆。很多保险经纪在声称保险可以避债的时候,会援引《中华人民共和国保险法》第二十三条的最后一句话:“任何单位和个人不得非法干预保险人履行赔偿或者给付保险金的义务,也不得限制被保险人或者受益人取得保险金的权利。”

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

很多人把这句话解读为“就算我欠了钱,没有人可以动我已经购买的保单,我还可以照常享受保单的利益”。

但是这里有两个问题。首先,《保险法》里说的是“任何单位和个人不得非法干预”,但是如果是法院以债务追偿的理由合法干预呢?其次,这里说的是不得限制“取得保险金的权利”,这里“保险金“指的是在保单约定的保险事故,比如死亡或者重大疾病发生以后,保险公司支付的理赔金。但是这里并没有说不可以在理赔发生之前强制退保,用退回来的现金价值偿还投保人的债务;也没有说不可以在被保人或受益人获得保险金以后,强制用获得的保险金去还被保人或者受益人的债务。

事实上,在中国大陆已经有了不少法院强制执行保单现金价值的判例,一些地方高级人民法院也明确了法院强制执行保单现金价值的权利。比如浙江省高院在2015年发布的《通知》就明确了人民法院可以执行保单的生存保险金和现金价值,并指出保险机构负有协助的义务。

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

江苏、上海、北京、广东、安徽等地也都相继出台了类似的政策。

广州市今年4月19日发布的《会议纪要》指出,对于“现金价值低、保障利益大的保险产品,原则上不执行其现金价值”,但是这种类型的保单,保费通常都不高,本来就很少有人会想用这类保单来避债。这份《会议纪要》后面又说,如果被保险人是债务人,为被保险人预留了治病和生活的必需款项之后,理赔支付的保险金该扣还是要扣的。

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

虽然上面都是地方规定,不一定全国适用,但实际上各地在审理类似案件的时候,应用的逻辑应该都是差不多的。

至此已经很明白了,在中国大陆,很多情况下,保险根本是避不了债的。

 

02 中国香港

我们再来看香港,香港保险真的像很多同行说的那样,可以起到避债的作用吗?

很多朋友会援引香港《已婚者地位条例》第13条《为配偶或子女利益购买保险》的条例,来佐证香港保险的避债作用。那我们看一下条文原本是怎么写的。

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

简单翻译一下,就是说被保人要想自己的保单免受债务追偿,需要满足三个条件:第一是明确地指定配偶或子女为保单受益人,第二是需要用这份保单设立一个以配偶或子女为受益人的信托,第三是这个信托尚未完结。

我们可以由此得出两个结论。第一,香港保单并不是一定能避债,必须要满足上述三个条件。第二,真正起到避债作用的,根本不是什么保单,而是之后以保单设立的信托。所以简单地声称香港保险能避债是绝对的以偏概全。

 

03 新加坡

同样地,根据新加坡人寿保险协会发布的2015年版《保险受益人提名指南》,也只有当我们做了“信托提名”,也就是将配偶或子女明确地指定为保单受益人,并且彻底放弃对保单的控制权以后,保险金才能免受债权人的追偿。

保险真的可以避债吗? — Engage

当这个保单已经不再是我的资产了,我自然不需要也没有办法拿它去还债。反过来,只要这份保单仍然属于我自己的资产,它就不能从我的债务责任里面隔离出来。否则一边可以欠钱不还,一边还不受影响地享受保单利益,对于被欠钱的人岂不是太不公平了?

所以综上所述,“保险可以避债”这种说法有很大的问题,也是严重的误导。海外保险本身也不能避债,有的时候可以侥幸逃脱追缴,只是因为债权人不知道你买了海外保险,或者是因为成本问题放弃到海外跟你打官司。

最后,保险不能帮你逃避债务,但是如果运用得当,它可以帮助你和家人应对潜在的债务危机。比如在新加坡,如果你买了政府组屋,并且在用公积金偿还贷款,那么你就必须购买一份房屋贷款保险,如果你不幸去世或者严重残疾,这份保险可以帮你偿还所有剩下的房贷,让你和家人不至于因为还不上贷款而失去住房。

很多为企业提供贷款担保的人士,也会购买相应保额的人寿保险,一旦过世家人可以用这笔钱去偿还贷款,而不必损失原本要留给家人的遗产。

Important: The information and opinions in this article are for general information purposes only. They should not be relied on as professional financial advice. Readers should seek independent financial advice that is customised to their specific financial objectives, situations & needs. This advertisement or publication has not been reviewed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore.

Published By:

Li Yu 李雨

2008年获SM1奖学金来新加坡留学
毕业于新加坡国立大学,此后进入保险行业,至今已逾7年
至今已为上百个新加坡、中国大陆和台湾家庭提供私人定制的保险与财富管理方案

我的目标:从客户的角度出发,提供中立、专业、全面的保险与财务规划方案,并提供优质、持续的服务

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In compliance with the Personal Data Protection Act, Financial Alliance Pte Ltd (“FAPL”) seek your consent to collect and use your personal data (e.g. name, NRIC, contact numbers, mailing addresses, email addresses and photograph) for the purposes of and in accordance with FAPL’s Data Protection Policy, which can be found on FAPL’s website at https://fa.com.sg/data-protection-policy/.

根据《个人数据保护法》,鑫盟理财私人有限公司征求您的同意向您收集并使用您的个人信息。鑫盟理财将根据公司的个人数据保护政策所阐述的用途使用您的个人资料(例如姓名,证件号码,联系电话,邮寄地址,电邮地址和照片)。 该政策可在本公司网站上查寻,网址为 https://fa.com.sg/data-protection-policy/.

By submitting this form, you are deemed to have read and understood FAPL’s Personal Data Policy.

提交此表格,即表示您已阅读并理解鑫盟理财私人有限公司的个人数据政策